Sources & Bibliography

Series. Every reference must give volume, inscription title and page. This URL is the Archaeological Survey of India's own series landing page (not a single cited volume); it links out to individual volume PDFs. URL verified: HTTP 200, asi.nic.in, 18 September 2026.

Edition read: Jayaswal & Banerji, Epigraphia Indica XX (1929-30), pp. 71-89. Cite the published edition used (e.g. Epigraphia Indica XX) with line and page references before use. URL verified: archive.org item in.ernet.dli.2015.69982, the exact cited volume (Epigraphia Indica Vol. XX, 1929-30), HTTP 200, 18 September 2026.

Cite the specific Jataka number and the translation used before use. Traditional narrative: evidence_type is normally 'traditional'. No entry in this atlas currently cites this source (checked src/data/*.json, 18 September 2026), and the note names no specific translation, so no URL is added: the standard public-domain English translation is Cowell (ed.), The Jataka, 6 vols, Cambridge University Press, 1895-1907 (on archive.org), but linking one volume now would risk pointing at the wrong Jataka number and volume once a specific tale is actually cited.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Second edition, revised and enlarged, published by the University of Calcutta, 1965. The standard critical anthology of early Indian inscriptions; Sircar was Carmichael Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture at Calcutta University and formerly Government Epigraphist for India. Needed as the second, independent edition of the Hathigumpha inscription (No. 91, pp. 213-221), whose readings and dating differ from Jayaswal & Banerji in Epigraphia Indica XX. Read in the archive.org scan dli.calcutta.11040.

Edition read: Hultzsch, Inscriptions of Asoka, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum I (1925). Cite a specific critical edition (e.g. Hultzsch, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum I, 1925) with page numbers before use. URL verified: archive.org item in.ernet.dli.2015.135307 (Digital Library of India scan of this exact 1925 CII I edition), HTTP 200, 18 September 2026.

In-copyright Princeton University Press translation and commentary; no legitimate free full text found. DOI is for the Princeton Legacy Library reissue (De Gruyter, 2012) of this same 1989 Casson text, verified via https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1515/9781400843206: title 'The Periplus Maris Erythraei', author Lionel Casson, publisher Princeton University Press, HTTP 200, 18 September 2026. The linked resource is paywalled (De Gruyter); do not link a pirated scan or a different translation (e.g. Schoff 1912) in its place.

References to Palura and Dosarene. Cite a specific edition or translation with book/chapter before use. No entry in this atlas currently cites this source (checked src/data/*.json, 18 September 2026), so no translation has been settled yet; public-domain English translations exist (e.g. E. L. Stevenson, 1932) but none is linked here because linking one now would risk pointing at a different edition than whatever gets cited later. Note that mccrindle-ptolemy-1927 is a separate, already-sourced entry for McCrindle's annotated translation/commentary, not this one.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. McCrindle's annotated translation of the Indian chapters of Ptolemy's Geographia, with S. N. Majumdar Sastri's additional notes. Needed as a source distinct from `ptolemy-geographia` because the claims cited (Sambalaka = Sambalpur, the diamond district, V. Ball's objection to the Adamas identifications) are the modern editors' commentary, NOT anything Ptolemy wrote; citing them under Ptolemy would misattribute them. Read in the archive.org scan `in.ernet.dli.2015.65897`, a Today & Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers (New Delhi) reprint edited by Ramchandra Jain, whose pagination matches the 1927 Calcutta edition cited by Patra 2014, n. 6. The reprint's own imprint date is not printed; a reviewer should confirm which edition to name in the bibliography. URL verified: archive.org item in.ernet.dli.2015.65897, title 'Ancient India As Described By Ptolemy...', editor 'Jain Ramchandra' matchi Coordinator check 18 Sep 2026: the linked DLI scan carries 1910 metadata, not the 1927 edition cited. Probably a DLI metadata error, but verify any page number against the 1927 edition.

Cite a specific translation (e.g. Kangle or Olivelle) with book/chapter/section before use. This is the edition actually cited in this atlas (goods.json, 'elephants'): R. Shamasastry's translation, Mysore Printing and Publishing House. URL verified: archive.org item in.ernet.dli.2015.102722, HTTP 200, 18 September 2026.

Cite the translation used (e.g. Beal 1884, Watters 1904–05) with page numbers before use. This atlas's actual citations (goods.json 'elephants' and 'salt'; routes.json Charitra/Che-li-ta-lo) all name Beal 1884, and the Kalinga/Kongoda/Charitra material falls in Vol. II of Beal's 2-volume Si-Yu-Ki. URL verified: archive.org item siyukibuddhistre02hsuoft (Si-yu-ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, vol. 2, tr. Beal), HTTP 200, 18 September 2026.

Cite the translation used (e.g. Takakusu 1896) with page numbers before use. No entry in this atlas currently cites this source (checked src/data/*.json, 18 September 2026); the note's own suggested edition is linked. URL verified: archive.org item recordbuddhistre00itsi (A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago, tr. J. Takakusu, Clarendon Press, 1896), HTTP 200, 18 September 2026.

Series. Every reference must give the session/volume, author, paper title and pages. This URL is the Indian History Congress's own official site (not a single cited volume/session); individual sessions are also scattered across archive.org as separate items (e.g. in.ernet.dli.2015.99193) and JSTOR (paywalled). URL verified: HTTP 200, indianhistorycongress.com, 18 September 2026.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Odisha Review, November 2014, Government of Odisha. Used only for the Jajpur Buddhist complex: it is the one source read in this session that prints dated occupation ranges and coordinates for Lalitgiri, Ratnagiri and Udayagiri (p. 109). Read in full from the government portal PDF.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Odisha Review, November 2014, published by the Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Odisha; the same series already carries patnaik-2014-odisha-review, but this is a different paper by a different author and so gets its own entry. Author is a historian at Post Graduate Government College, Chandigarh, publishing widely on Kalinga's maritime history. Full text read from the publisher PDF (the site's TLS certificate has expired, so it was fetched with curl -k). Note that the PDF filename says 119-125 while the printed page range is 118-125. Shares an author with patra-patra-ohrj-maritime-archaeology, so the two are NOT fully independent works.

2026-09-18: a Bhubaneswar-edition newspaper report of a conference talk at Utkal University, not a peer-reviewed excavation report. It is the only published account of the OIMSEAS-ASI 2023-25 Palur excavation and quotes the excavation's director, Sunil Patnaik, by name. Fetched with curl (WebFetch could not reach this domain) and read in full; type 'document' used because the Source schema has no newspaper/magazine type. One source, press-level: caps any claim it alone supports at Probable, and the underlying excavation report is still unpublished.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Peer-reviewed journal of the Institute for the Humanities, Keimyung University, Korea (Acta Via Serica 4/1, June 2019). The author is a former Director of the Archaeological Survey of India. Read from a 36-page author's offprint PDF that carries no journal pagination, so refs cite the offprint page plus the section heading; journal page numbers are NOT verified. Independent of the Odisha-published literature and gives coordinates for every port it treats.

3rd edition (Routledge, 1998) is the one read for this project. Multiple editions. State the edition and year in each source_ref.note. No URL or DOI added: the only DOI found (10.4324/9780203391266, checked via https://api.crossref.org/works/10.4324/9780203391266, HTTP 200) is Routledge's ebook of a later, 4th edition (published online 2004-08-26), not the cited 3rd edition of 1998 - pagination would not match, so it is deliberately not used. In-copyright textbook; no free full text of the 1998 3rd edition was found.

In-copyright Routledge India monograph; no free full text found. DOI verified via https://api.crossref.org/works/10.4324/9780429285233: title 'Coastal Shrines and Transnational Maritime Networks Across India and Southeast Asia', author Himanshu Prabha Ray, publisher Routledge India, HTTP 200, 18 September 2026 (online-first 2020-07-21; print issued 2021 as recorded here). Paywalled on Taylor & Francis; not linked with a URL.

In-copyright Cambridge University Press monograph. No free full text found on archive.org or elsewhere; searched 18 September 2026. No DOI exists for the print monograph (checked https://api.crossref.org/works?query.bibliographic=Archaeology+of+Seafaring+Ancient+South+Asia, no matching record, HTTP 200; Cambridge's own catalogue page for ISBN 9780521011099 lists no DOI). Left with no URL and no DOI.

In-copyright edited volume, Aryan Books International, New Delhi. No free full text found on archive.org, Google Books (full view), or elsewhere; searched 18 September 2026. No DOI exists (checked https://api.crossref.org/works?query.bibliographic=Maritime+Heritage+of+India+Behera, no matching record for this book, HTTP 200). Left with no URL and no DOI.

Year, issue and pages must be confirmed by the researcher before use. No URL added: searched magazines.odisha.gov.in and the open web (18 September 2026) for this exact article title and could not locate the specific issue, so no candidate PDF could be verified as the right one. Do not link the Orissa Review homepage or a different Behera article in its place.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: Government of Odisha publication. Read in full from the official PDF (5 pp., journal pages 41-45, ISSN 0970-8669), downloaded 2026-09-15. Verified in the text: p. 41 defines Baliyatra, 'popularly known as the Boita Bandana Yatra', held at Cuttack at Gadagadia Ghata from Kartika Purnima, marking the day the Sadhaba mariners sailed for Bali, Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Sri Lanka. p. 42 describes miniature boats of coloured paper, dried banana bark and cork carrying betel leaf, betel nut and a lit oil lamp, and states 'The memory of these expeditions is kept alive in the festival of Boita Bandana'. p. 44 groups the rouletted ware of Sembiran in north-east Bali with Sisupalgarh, Manikpatna and Tamluk. Caution: the author is a professor of management, the article carries no footnotes, and its reading list (p. 45) has six items. It is a government-published popular account - good evidence for the festival as practised, weak for dating anything.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Odisha Review, June 2014, published by the Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Odisha. The registry already lists Orissa Review for a Behera article; this is a different paper and so gets its own entry. Author is associated with OIMSEAS, the institute that excavated Manikapatna.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Orissa Historical Research Journal, Vol. XLVII, No. 2, published by the Odisha State Museum and hosted on the Government of Odisha magazines portal. OHRJ is named in the skill registry as a journal of acceptable calibre, to be flagged on first use. Year of issue is not printed in the PDF consulted; its latest citation is from 1999, so it is early 2000s. Year to be confirmed.

Series. Every reference must give the year, site and page. Covers Sisupalgarh, Manikapatna, Palur, Radhanagar and others. This URL is the ASI's own listing page for the series (not a single cited year's volume). URL verified: HTTP 200, asi.nic.in, 18 September 2026.

Approved by the site owner on 2026-09-16: both are peer-reviewed open-access Antiquity excavation reports, fetched and read in full from the publisher. Open-access 'Project Gallery' report in Antiquity 92(366) on the first (2018) excavation season at Maliwan and Aw Gyi, southern Myanmar, by the Franco-Myanmar 'Thanintharyi and the Maritime Silk Roads' project. The excavators' own primary report; peer-reviewed. Read in full from the publisher's open PDF via curl. Needed for the 'maliwan' port entry.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. The primary published report on the OIMSEAS excavations at Manikapatna, in a scholarly edited volume. Cited as the source of B. N. Mukherjee's reading of the Kharoshthi potsherd at p. 486. NOT READ BY ME: the reference and page come from Patra & Patra, OHRJ XLVII(2), p. 118, n. 28. Page not verified. Any entry citing it must stay draft until a copy is obtained. No URL added: in-copyright edited volume, Pratibha Prakashan, Delhi (ISBN 9788177020090). Searched archive.org and the open web on 18 September 2026; found only bibliographic/library-catalogue listings (WorldCat, Google Books, publisher's own sales page), no free full text of this chapter or volume. No DOI exists for it.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Ancient Asia 9, art. 5 - peer-reviewed and open access; the journal is named in the skill registry as of acceptable calibre. Primary archaeobotanical study with AMS radiocarbon dates from Golbai Sasan. Read from the UCL Discovery open-access copy. Note: the 'Gopalpur' in this paper is a Neolithic mound in Jajpur district and is NOT the Ganjam port of the same name. URL corrected 18 September 2026: doi.org/10.5334/aa.164 now returns 404 because Ancient Asia moved host, though the DOI itself is still registered and correct in Crossref. Linked to the live article page instead, verified HTTP 200.

Approved by the site owner on 2026-09-16: both are peer-reviewed open-access Antiquity excavation reports, fetched and read in full from the publisher. Peer-reviewed excavation/archaeobotany report in Antiquity 92(366), on the 2009-2010 field season at Mantai (Mahatittha), Sri Lanka. Same first author as the already-registered kingwell-banham-2018-ancient-asia, but a different paper in a different journal, hence a separate id. Read in full from the publisher PDF via curl. Needed for the 'mahatittha' port entry.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Antiquity 65(247), 1991 - a leading peer-reviewed archaeology journal. The excavators' own report on Indian Rouletted Ware, an Arikamedu type-10 sherd and a Kharoshthi graffito from Sembiran, north Bali, dated c. AD 1-200. Read from a PDF hosted in the University of Pennsylvania archaeobibliography file store. URL verified: https://os.pennds.org/archaeobib_filestore/pdf_articles/Antiquity/1991_65_247_ArdikaBellwood.pdf, HTTP 200, 2.0 MB application/pdf, 18 September 2026 - this is the exact file the note above says was read.

2026-09-18: peer-reviewed, open access CC BY-NC-ND (per Crossref/OpenAlex licensing metadata), by Sisupalgarh's own excavation co-director (Mohanty) and a long-time project archaeologist (Smith). DOI and full metadata verified via Crossref and OpenAlex, 18 September 2026. FULL TEXT NOT READ: the publisher page (tandfonline.com) returns a Cloudflare bot-check to automated fetches (curl and WebFetch both blocked, HTTP 403/'Just a moment'); no open-access mirror was found on eScholarship, UCLA's anthropology department site, Semantic Scholar or OpenAlex. Only the published abstract (retrieved via the Semantic Scholar API, which mirrors the publisher's own abstract) was read and is cited below as 'abstract'. A reviewer with institutional access should fetch the full PDF and correct any page-specific citation.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Man and Environment XXXIV(1), journal of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies, named in the skill registry as a journal of acceptable calibre. A primary fieldwork report by the joint Deccan College (Pune) and UCLA project directors. Read from the author's copy hosted by the UCLA Department of Anthropology.

2026-09-18: the excavator's own ASI/state-government report on the 1954-56 seasons at Salihundam (with earlier work by Longhurst 1919-20 and Ramachandran 1943-47 also summarised). A government of India work first published 1964, so out of copyright under the 60-year term for government works as of 2026. Read in full as OCR text via archive.org item dli.ernet.107577 (djvu.txt), which carries some OCR noise (e.g. stray periods in coordinate figures); page numbers below follow the printed pagination visible in the OCR.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Peer-reviewed, open access (Nature Portfolio); article number 13559. Read via PubMed Central PMC9363498. Primary geochemical study of an artefact from the site.

2026-09-18: the primary peer-reviewed paper on Khalkatapatna, by CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography's marine archaeology group; Current Science is the Indian Academy of Sciences' journal, already used elsewhere in this registry (tripati-2021-current-science, tripati-2020... via the same series). Full text fetched and read from the publisher PDF (currentscience.ac.in) via curl. Reports both the ASI's 1984-85/1994-95 excavations (brick jelly floor, Chinese and Arabian glazed wares, two fragmentary + one intact Chinese copper coin) and the authors' own remote-sensing/exploration work on riverbank erosion.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Peer-reviewed journal of the Indian Academy of Sciences; author is a maritime archaeologist at CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography. Vol. 120, No. 7, 10 April 2021. Full text read directly from the publisher PDF.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Odisha Review, December 2014, Government of Odisha. The author directed the 2010-13 excavations at Radhanagar for OIMSEAS, so this is the excavator's own summary of the dig, published before the formal 2015 report. Read in full from the government portal PDF. A separate paper from patnaik-2014-odisha-review (June 2014, on Puri) by the same author, hence a separate source id.

State district, edition, year and page in each source_ref. This id covers at least four distinct district volumes across two series, all separately cited in this atlas: O'Malley, Bengal District Gazetteers: Balasore (1907); O'Malley, Bengal District Gazetteers: Puri (1908); O'Malley & Mansfield, Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Puri (1929); O'Malley & Cousins, Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Cuttack, 2nd edn (1933). The URL links the Cuttack (1933) volume specifically, because an existing source_ref (ports.json, 'false-point') already names this exact archive.org item ('archive.org OCR, item PARI.bihar-and-orissa-district-gazetteers-cuttack'). It is NOT the right link for refs citing Balasore, Puri 1908 or Puri 1929. Verified archive.org items for the others, all HTTP 200 on 18 September 2026: Balasore 1907 = PARI.bengal-district-gazetteers-balasore (already named in ports.json, 'dhamra'); Puri 1929 = PARI.bihar-and-orissa-district-gazetteers-puri; Puri 1908 = dli.ministry.07423. A reviewer may prefer to split this single source id into one id per district volume so each can carry its own correct URL.

State the edition, volume and page in each source_ref. This atlas actually cites three different volumes of this 26-volume series (vol. XI for Cuttack, vol. XX for Puri Town, vol. XXII for Sambalpur District), so no single volume link is right; this URL is the Digital South Asia Library's (University of Chicago) series landing page for the 1908-31 New Edition, which links out to every volume and page image. URL verified: HTTP 200, dsal.uchicago.edu, 18 September 2026.

approved under delegation 2026-09-14: verified by researcher as peer-reviewed or government/university-published. Public domain. The registry already carries imperial-gazetteer-orissa for the Orissa entries; this separate id is for places OUTSIDE the Orissa Division that the atlas needs - Gopalpur, Ganjam Town, Calingapatam and Jaugada (Madras Presidency, Ganjam District), Calcutta, Rangoon. Volumes 6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 and 21 read as archive.org OCR (identifiers imperialgazetteeNNgreauoft). Every ref gives volume and printed page. Reviewers may prefer to merge this into imperial-gazetteer-orissa and widen that entry's title instead. Since eight different volumes are cited, no single volume link is right; URL is the Digital South Asia Library's (University of Chicago) series landing page for this same 1908-31 New Edition (shared with imperial-gazetteer-orissa). Individually verified, all HTTP 200 on 18 September 2026: archive.org imperialgazettee06greauoft (vol. 6) and imperialgazettee20greauoft (vol. 20) both resolve to real item pages matching the note's stated identifier pattern.

URL verified: archive.org item asiaticresearche151825cal, metadata title 'Asiatic Researches', volume 'v.15 1825', matching this exact volume and year, HTTP 200, 18 September 2026.

In-copyright monograph, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta. Searched archive.org (advancedsearch API, titles 'Orissa under the Mughals' and 'Orissa Mughals Akbar Alivardi') and the open web on 18 September 2026; found only bookshop/catalogue listings (AbeBooks, Odisha State Archives catalogue record), no digitised free full text. No DOI exists for this monograph. Left with no URL and no DOI.

Multiple editions. State the edition and year in each source_ref.note. No URL added: searched archive.org (advancedsearch API, by title and by creator) and the open web on 18 September 2026. The only 'History of Orissa' / 'A History of Orissa' scans located are by other authors entirely - W. W. Hunter (in.ernet.dli.2015.111088, .463246), N. K. Sahu (in.ernet.dli.2015.126160) and R. D. Banerji (in.ernet.dli.2015.45579, .32062) - and must not be confused with Harekrushna Mahtab's book of the same generic title. No confirmed free copy of Mahtab's work was found.

URL verified: archive.org item in.ernet.dli.2015.462722, title 'Orissa Under The East India Company', author K. M. Patra, publisher field 'Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi' matching this record's publisher exactly, HTTP 200, 18 September 2026. CAUTION for the reviewer: this scan's own metadata gives dc.date.citation as 1961, not the 1971 issued here; Munshiram Manoharlal's edition is usually cited as 1971, so this may be an earlier printing/thesis version with different pagination. Not fully confirmed as the identical edition - flagged for review before using page numbers from it.

URL verified: archive.org item muslim-administration-in-orissa-1980, title 'Muslim Administration in Orissa', author given in Odia script matching M. A. Haque, year 1980 matches this record exactly, full OCR text present (605 KB djvu.txt, 4.6 MB PDF), HTTP 200, 18 September 2026.

URL verified: archive.org item OrissaHunter1872, 'Orissa by W.W. Hunter (1872) in 2 Vols.', HTTP 200, 18 September 2026. Covers both volumes of this exact 1872 edition in one item.

Public domain. Used for modern coastlines, land and rivers. Historical coastlines are separate, cited reconstructions.

No URL added despite a public-domain 18th-century map. Searched 18 September 2026: the Library of Congress record (g7625.ct001443) and HathiTrust both return HTTP 403 to automated requests; the David Rumsey Historical Map Collection page for 'Hindoostan by J. Rennell F.R.S. 1782' returns a reCAPTCHA 'Verify Access' interstitial, not the image, when fetched directly (the exact bot-check trap this task warned about). archive.org holds only the accompanying 'Memoir' text (a different, textual work first issued 1783) and later re-engraved derivative maps (Laurie & Whittle, 1794 and 1804; Dury, 1794) which are not this 1782 map. No confirmed direct, bot-check-free copy of the map itself was found free online.